Lesson-7

Past perfect Tense
The Past Perfect tense in quite easy to use and understand.We normally using this tense to show that one action happened in the past before another action.
WE are using this tense to
1.to completed the action before another activity in the past.
2.Third conditional tense.
3.Dissatisfaction with past.
The past perfect is also used i number of methodsn like this,
i wish,if/though and if only.


This tense is having the following format.

subject+Auxilary verb(have) conjugated in simple past.+main verb past participle.

example:
I had finished my work.
our had finished before me.
She had gone not go to school.

Example for Action followed by one another..

When we arrived ,The train had already left.
By the time i watched the movie ,i had eaten sweets.
When i got to the market,Most of the shop had already been closed.
I had read the document before i signed it.

Lesson-6

Direct And Indirect Speech

There are two ways to express what other said to you while explain the conversation in the past.
1.Direct speech
2.Indirect Speech
You can express in two ways for the question,"What did he/she says?".

One is by reating the words spoken which is called direct speech and another one is by reporting the words spoken which is called indirect speech.

Direct speech
Direct speech repeats,the exact words spoken.When we use direct speech in writing we place the word spoken between the commas("...") and there is no change in this words.

example:
He said,"i am going to UK next month".
I said ,"I am not eligible for Aerospace".
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Indirect Speech
Reported speech are usually used to talk about the past,so we normally change the tense of the word we spoke.These word don't required to word should be in quotes and the word should be the same .here we change the tense because we are talking about the past.

example:
Direct Speech:
He said,"I am going to cinema".

indirect speech:
he said that he was going to cinema.

Direct and Indirect Speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect
speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I
said, Bill said, or they said.
Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something
was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence
is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then
the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving
even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect
speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for
examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

 

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

 

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

 

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

 

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

 

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book. Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

Lesson-5

ADVERB

Adverb is a word or a group of words that are used to define the action of verb.Adverb can also be used to define adjectives and another adverb.

A word is said to be an adverb if it give answer for any one of the following questions.
1.when?
2.where?
3.how?
Adverb are mostly ending with -ly.The word ending with -ly is not guarantee that it is an adverb. But some words end with -ly are not adverb.The words lovely,lonely,motherly,friendly are all adjectives.

The principal job of adjective is to modify the verb,adjective or another adverb.
The letter in bold are adverb.
Modify verb:
He speaks loudly.(how does he speak?)
Mahesh lives locally.(Where does mahesh live?)
He often smoke sigaret.(when does he smoke?)

modify adjective:
i saw a very beautiful flower.(How beautiful the flower is?)
He is really handsome.
My teacher is really good this year.(When his teacher is good?)

Modify another adverb:
i ride my bike quite faster than my brother.

But adverb have other functions too.
They can,

1.Modify a whole sentence.
Unfortunately,i saw a murder in a narrow street.
Obviously,i don't know politics.

2.Modify a prepositional phrase:
The money is immediately inside the door.

Adverb has three main position in a sentence.

1.front:(before the subject)
After all its very important secret.

2.Middle:(after the subject)
I rarely study my subjects.

3.End:(after subject and object)
We are playing cricket carefully.
The following example shows the adverb used in different position.

Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.

Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.

Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

Lesson-4

Present Continuous Tense

present Continuous Tense are often used in engish.present continuous tense are used to talk about the action happening at present and action which will be done in the future.

To form the sentense in this tense we should know these:

How do we make the present continuous tense?

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		be		base + ing

Look at these examples:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	am		speaking	to you.
+	You	are		reading	this.
-	She	is	not	staying	in London.
-	We	are	not	playing	football.
?	Is	he		watching	TV?
?	Are	they		waiting	for John?

Present continuous tense is used to talk about ,

1.Action happening now
2.action happen in future

Present Continuous Tense for action happening now.


a.For action happening exactly now

example:
i am eating my lunch.
I am waiting for my friend.

b.For action happening around now.

The action may not happen exactly now,but it is happening in the past or after now.

example:
ramesh is going out with ravi to bring dinner.
ganesh is learning to speak in english.
I am living with my friends until i build a new house.

Present continuous tense for the future:

We can also use the present continuous tense for the future by adding future words.We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when it is planned to do something before speak.The future words are ,example tomorrow,next month,next week,next year,tonight,in march,at christmas.

example:

I am going to take my seminar today afternoon.
We are going to play cricket tomorrow.
when are you going to leave from india?

How do we spell Present Continuous Tense?
ie.,How do we change the main verb from'to be' to main verb+ing?


We can get Present Continuous Tense by adding +ing to base verb.It's very easy.But sometimes we should follow some rules.Perhaps we should double the last word or we should drop the last letter.here we see it preifly.

Basic rule	Just add -ing to the base verb:
	work	>	working
	play	>	playing
	assist	>	assisting
	see	>	seeing
	be	>	being
Exception 1	If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter: s t o p   consonant stressed vowel consonant (vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
	stop	>	stopping
	run	>	running
	begin	>	beginning
	Note that this exception does not apply when the last syllable of the base verb is not stressed:
	open	>	opening
Exception 2	If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:
	lie	>	lying
	die	>	dying
Exception 3	If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:
	come	>	coming
	mistake	>	mistaking

Lesson-3

TENSES

Simple Present Tense
This is without doubt that this tense is very important tense in english and we use this tense in very different situation in our real life.I must say that this tense is very easy to learn for the people who learn english,which is why it is explained first.

How do we form Simple present Tense?

Subject+auxilary verb+main verb


There are three exception should be considered while form the simple sentense.

1.For Positive sentenses,we do not use the auxilary verb.
2.For third person singular,we add -s to the main verb or -es to the auxilary verb.
3.For the verb 'to be',we do not add auxilary verb ,even for question or negative sentense.

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I, you, we, they			like	coffee.
	He, she, it			likes	coffee.
-	I, you, we, they	do	not	like	coffee.
	He, she, it	does	not	like	coffee.
?	Do	I, you, we, they		like	coffee?
	Does	he, she, it		like	coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

	subject	main verb
+	I	am		French.
	You, we, they	are		French.
	He, she, it	is		French.
-	I	am	not	old.
	You, we, they	are	not	old.
	He, she, it	is	not	old.
?	Am	I		late?
	Are	you, we, they		late?
	Is	he, she, it		late?

we use simple present tense when we talk about something which repeatedly happens.



we use simple present tense to describe the series of action in present.




Simple present Tense uses:

Simple present tense is frequently used in english.

1.Repeated actions:(always,often,sometimes,everyday,never)

I always come to office early in the morning.
I never drink alcohol.
My friend reads novel everyday.

2.Things in general

The sun rises in the east.
The car starts with the help of fuel.

3.Fixed arrangements,sheduled events

The train goes to chennai every sunday.
My mom goes to temple every friday.

4.actions in the present-(one follows after other)

i get up early in the morning,then i brush my teeth ,after that i have breakfast.

5.instructions

oepn your book at page number 13.
close the door and lock it.

You can easily identify the simple present tense from the signal words.

these are some signal words used in simple present tense.
1.always
2.often
3.usually
4.sometimes
5.never
if the phrase is time related you can find it by the following signal words.
1.everyday
2.every week
3.every month
4.every year
5.on monday

How do we use simple present tense?

1.action in general.
2.action happens all the time both in past,present and future
3.the statement should be true.

lesson-2

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are the words that describes or modify the noun or pronoun.
for example,
A black man crucially watching the beautiful house to steal the money.
The good news is that the form of an adjective never change.
The articles a,an and the are also adjectives.there are many types of adjectives

1.number

six,one hundred and one

example:
There are five hundred general and three hundred BC vacancies are available for LIC. The application fees for Life Insurance Corporation of India is around three hundred and thirty five rupees including transaction fees.

2.quantity:
more,all,some,half,more than enough.

example:
i want more money to start own business .To become a successful business man knowledge is more important than money.successful business is also based on co-operation of all employees.In order to impress the employees we must give some bonus or some appraisal every year.There must be some cost cutting when the employees come late more than half an hour.When we achieved what we planned we can earn more than enough money than what we spend.

3.qualitative:
color,size,smell

example: Tomorrow i am going to wear black band with yellow shirt. India is very small country compare to US.But it's big country than pakistan. A bad smell came from the ditch when he was open it.

4.possesive:
my,his,their,your

My aim is to do MS in National University Singapore.
I saw my friend yesterday.He is doing his MBA in Anna University.i know about his family.I stayed nearly one month in their house.I asked him, "where is your father?".He replied,"he is in UK,he is going to come next month".After a very long conversation i left from there.

5.interrogative:
which,whose,what

6.demonstrative:
this,that,those,these.

In this sesson we are going to seen the basic conversation between two friends.

Adjective can be used to give your opinion about something.
ex:pretty,good,worst,funny,happy,sad.

i was a good student in my school.i always scored pretty well mark in all exam . I was waiting for happy news from my friend. I scored well mark in my higher school more than what i expect. But my friend said one bad matter that my another friend failed.

Adjective can also be used to describes the size
ex: small,big,large,little,long;

I am a big fan of A.R.Rahman.
A.R.Rahman is the only one indian who won the oscar after a very long peroid.

Adjective can also be used to describe age,color,origin.material,distance,time,etc..

he was an old man.
it is black cat.
there are 24 lines in ashoka chakra of Indian flag
it is cotton shirt
we will leave from here today early morning.

Lesson-1

10-ways to learn english
In my first lesson we are going to learn about the ways to learn english easily.To learn anything either it would be a language or skill need self interest and confident.Hard working and continous training will give good result.When you follow these things for few days and after you forget it there is no use.So read each and every line carefully to take your english knowledge from one level to another improved level.let's read now...

Step 1:
Check out your local video store and see if there are movies in english.there may be some movies.if there are no movies in local video store try it using internet.many websites offers english movies for free download or you can download those movies through torrent.listen the native speaker english carefully while watching movies. you better buy the movies with subtitle or some cartoon movies if you are a beginner to learn english.try to speak the sentence they used in the movies like how they spoke.At first time you can't speak anything because of interest in movie.So play the movie once again and train to apeak like native speaker.

step 2:
Record yourself when you speak english.After finished your record ,play it back.if you are not clear ,simply try once again.this is the great way how others hear you.many online websites and also many CDs are there in market to improve your prononciation skill .after finished your record you compare your pronounciation with the real one and instantly train yourself to change the pronounciation of some words.we made mistakes in f,p,b while speak english fastly. it's no need to have spoke english fast. the main think you must have is your speech should be understandable by other.

step 3:
Write a blog in english related articles like me and send it to your friends who well in english and asking them for the suggestions.

step 4:
The internet is going to be your friend.It is packed full of study materials,sound recording,dictionary,novels,stories,grammar,vocabulary and so much that can help you to learn the meaning of words you use daily.You can see many best english learning websites in links to the sites .those sites are my favourite sites.

step 5:
Train yourself to think in english as much as you can.When someone speak with you don't hesitate to speak in english.Spend more time with your friends who do not know your mother tongue so that you can get a chance to speak only in english.think!!think!! think!! only in english even your surrounder speak your mother tongue.

step 6:
Practice with your friend.this friend may not know english,but try to impress them with your skill.you may also try to teach them what you have learned because you will be less likely to forget what you have learned.Many online chating are there for the friends group those who are eager to speak in english.chating with others,either native speaker or non native speaker ,is a good method to improve your speaking and writting skills.It is particularly good method if you're shy to speak in english and will improve your confident to eventually speak face to face.

step 7:
Improve your listening skill by watching english news channels like BBC world news,CNBC,NDTV,etc and english movie channels like HBO,star movies,AXN.At first it's difficult to understand the whole conversation. Just understand the word they used in the movies or in news. Relate your meaning of the word to that news. After a while you will have the skill to understand everything.listen each every word clearly .Bcause the pronounciation of one person is differ from other.

step 8:
Read news papers,novels,self motivative books,intersting stories loudly as you can for atleast 2 hours per day.When you read stories you try to imagine that story is happening in front of you.Bring it in your speech naturally. So practice it. Don't fear. Don't be shy. No need to be embarrassed. Say things aloud. When in confusion ask somebody. Try a dictionary like Oxford Advanced Learners and see the usage of a word.


step 9:
Keep a diary in english.you hear a word and you don't know what it is,write it down and do search on what it means.If you research you'll encounter many words in english.

step 10:
Join an english course.Every english coaching center will promise 'we will teach you english within 100 hours '.But it will not happen within 100 hours.they will teach you the way to speak in english.This will help little bit to you .you are the source to work hard to improve your english skill.learn 5-new words daily.apply it in real life as much as possible.

you must follow these things daily in your real life to make your dreams true.